Maoist-Influenced Revolutionary
Organizations in India

The APCCCR advocated "a mass line" whereas the AICCCR denounced all work in trade unions and other mass organizations as "economism". The APCCCR saw the issue of participating or boycotting elections as a tactical issue while the AICCCR viewed it as a strategic one.

In 1975 the APCCCR/APRCC, together with the Northern Zonal Committee RUC (ML), the West Bengal Communist Unity Centre, and one other group, merged to form the Unity Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India (M-L).

Was a middle of the road Maoist group in the West Bengal. According to an editorial on the CPI(ML) Red Flag web site, sometime during the 2003-2004 time period the CCR merged into the CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group].

The "CCR" has also been used as a shorthand name for the AICCCR, which existed in 1968-69, and for a few of the other separate state organizations of the AICCCR which lingered after the original CPI(ML) was formed in 1969 and the AICCCR itself formally disolved. One such state organization, the Punjab Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries, continued in existence until 1976 when it merged with the UCCRI.

The CCRI's general political line was that of the "mass revolutionary line". This organization merged with three other groups in August 1994 to form the CPRCI(ML).

In the summer of 2003 the COI-ML merged with the CPI(ML) Unity Initiative to form a new organization which attempted to reclaim the original CPI(ML) name, but which I refer to as CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] to avoid confusion. (In January 2005, this CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] is scheduled to merge with CPI(ML) Red Flag, and use the CPI(ML) name for the new party.)

The CPI (Maoist) is by far the largest and most important political party in India which is now engaged in revolutionary guerrilla warfare. It was formed on Sept. 21, 2004 by the merger of the CPI (ML) People's War group and MCC(I).

The press statement of Oct. 14, 2004, which announced the formation of the CPI (Maoist), stated that the political ideology of the merged party is Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, and that it will continue its struggle against both right and left deviations, and "particularly against revisionism, by taking this as the main danger for the communist movement as a whole." The new party "will still seek to unite all genuine Maoist groups that remain outside this unified party." The press release continues:

Com. Ganapathy (or Ganapati) of the People's War group was elected General Secretary of the merged party.

[Much of the information here has been taken from the historical information pages prepared by various CPI(ML) groups on the Web, and especially from "A Saga of Revolutionary Heroism, Supreme Sacrifice and Absolute Determination".]

This is the original CPI(ML) party, which was formally launched on April 22^nd, 1969, Lenin's birthday. [See AICCCR for some background information on the creation of the party.]

The two most prominent leaders were Charu Mazumdar (or Majumdar) and Kanu Sanyal. Mazumdar was elected General Secretary of the Central Organizing Committee at the time the party was formed. He and Sanyal were the leaders of the famous Naxalbari uprising in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal in 1967. Mazumdar remained the top leader of the new party until his murder (after 12 days of torture) by the Calcutta police on July 28, 1972.

The early party history was anything but smooth. The Naxalbari uprising was suppressed by the CPI(Marxist) party which was already in power in a united front government in West Bengal in 1967. Many revolutionaries bolted from the CPI(M) after this treachery, but the hostility of the CPI(M) leaders toward the revolutionaries increased.

On May 1^st, 1969, one week after the CPI(ML) was formed, the CPI(M) tried to disrupt a massive CPI(ML) May Day meeting in Calcutta, and this led to armed clashes. Over the next few years the CPI(M) would be responsible for the death of over a thousand CPI(ML) members.

The revolutionaries who formed the CPI(ML) had already begun setting up guerrilla zones in West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and especially at Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh. But severe repression from the government came down on all these areas, especially Srikakulam. Seven top members of the party were murdered by the government on May 26-27, 1969, and several other top leaders were murdered at the end of that year. This led to an unprecedented uprising of students and youth in Calcutta and throughout West Bengal.

After the Deshabrati publication offices were raided by the government on April 27, 1970, the party was forced to go underground. On July 10-11, two top leaders of the Srikakulam uprising were captured and murdered by the police while in captivity. The Srikakulam guerrilla zone began to suffer reversals.

In 1971 the national government deployed the army to crush the movement in West Bengal, and thousands of people were killed. Over 50,000 people were imprisoned, and more party leaders were murdered.

The crackdown of the government forces and the collapse of the initial attempts at people's war, led to considerable ideological discord and chaos in the early party. This in turn led to numerous splits beginning in 1971. All of this intensified tremendously after Charu Mazumdar was murdered in 1972. As one party history comments, "With his martyrdom, the last vestige of the Party's central authority collapses."

This new party, using the old name, CPI(ML), is scheduled to form in January 2005 with the merger of the CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] (which officially calls itself simply the CPI(ML) already) and the CPI(ML) Red Flag group.

This party will presumably be close to the middle part of the spectrum of Maoist or Maoist-influenced organizations in India. Neither group which is merging is engaged in armed struggle, and it is unlikely that the merged group will be any time soon either. On the other hand, those in this trend also seem to disagree with the electoral focus of the CPI(ML) Liberation party, even though they both participate in elections sometimes themselves. Their strategy is more to try to organize the masses in broad political struggle.

This new party is one of the many signs that the still highly fragmented Maoist forces in India are in the process of merging organizationally into three main trends.

The CPI(ML) CRC was formed in 1979. It was one of the original founders of RIM in 1984. In 1987 it had a major split, and the CPI(ML) Red Flag party was born.

But political discord and confusion continued in the CPI(ML) CRC. Under the direction of its top leader, K. Venu, the organization was dissolved in the fall of 1991, and its national newspaper, Mass Line, ceased publication. The bizarre reasoning that led to this drastic liquidationist action by the Venu group was reprinted in issue 17 of A World to Win (1992). In the same issue there were also reprinted severe criticisms of this dissolution (and other political errors), criticisms by both party members and by Bob Avakian for RIM. A later issue of A World to Win (issue 26 in 2000) carried an article, "The Strategy for People's War in India", by former members (who were then in the CPI(ML) Maoist Unity Centre) criticizing the CPI(ML) CRC from a leftist perspective.

Although the national party was dissolved, the state organizations continued functioning as separate parties. Two of them, the Kerala Communist Party and the Maharashtra Communist Party, merged together to form the CPI(ML) Maoist Unity Centre in 1997. This organization later merged with the CPI(ML) Naxalbari in April 1999.

Was founded in December 1977 as a breakaway group from the CPI(ML) Provisional Central Committee [the Satyanarayan Singh/Chandra Pulla Reddy faction of the CPI(ML)], and originally upheld the line of Charu Mazumdar. In 1978 it had a rectification campaign against the annihilation policy (assassinations of individual class enemies) and came to the conclusion that mass organizations were indispensible as well as mass struggles. It still thought that the time was ripe for armed struggle, and continued to favor attempting to unify the CPI(ML) around the reorganization plan of the 1969 Central Committee [the "Eighth Central Committee"].

The CPI(ML) Central Team was active in Punjab, and remains so in Maharashtra and West Bengal.

In Punjab they published the very influential revolutionary journal, Surkh Rekha. During the Khalistani period (1980s) the Punjab section of this group worked with the Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India in building the important Front Against Repression and Communalism. This experience won the Punjab section of the Party over to the strategy of the "mass revolutionary line". In August 1994 the Punjab section, led by Roshan, merged with CCRI and two other groups to form the Communist Party Reorganization Centre of India (M-L). Surkh Rekha, of course, became a publication of CPRCI(ML).

However the Maharashtra and West Bengal sections of the Central Team refused to go along with this and accused the Punjab section of betraying the old CPI(ML) movement. They continue to function as an independent organization under the name CPI(ML) Central Team.

Chandra Pulla Reddy was originally associated with T. Nagi Reddy in the Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries. In 1971 he split off to form his own group, and then around 1975 merged it into the CPI(ML) [S. N. Singh] group. That group in turn merged with another group to become the CPI(ML) Provisional Central Committee in 1977. In 1980 C. P. Reddy broke with the S. N. Singh group and formed his own CPI(ML) organization.

That group has apparently evolved into being one of the many CPI(M-L) Janashakti factions.

Merged with 4 other groups in 1988 to form the Centre of Communist Revolutionaries in India

The unity was precarious. CPI(ML) Janashakti had a split in 1996, when the "COC" faction broke away and went on to merge with another group to form the CPI(ML) Unity Initiative. Soon further splits occurred until there were seven separate factions operating independently in 2002. (The new factions were not necessarily the same as the original groups.)

It is said that Janashakti was originally based on the "revolutionary mass line" approach of Chandra Pulla Reddy and T. Nagi Reddy, but that it also used a combination of legal and illegal methods of struggle. Things seemed to be going well for a while, and a trade union (All India Federation of Trade Unions) and a peasant movement were developing strongly. But there must have also been some serious problems, because this is when the splits began.

More recently at least some of the factions that still use the Janashakti name have switched to more serious armed struggle, and the party is now illegal and underground.

The Hindustan Times claimed (May 9, 2002) that CPI(ML) Janashakti is active in Bihar, and specifically in Kaimur and East Champaran. They are also very active in Andhra Pradesh.

In an undated statement prepared for a small international gathering of M-L parties, and posted on the web (at http://www.icmlpo.de/us/6con/country/indienjan.htm), the Central Committee of an unspecified faction of the CPI (ML) Janashakti says (excerpts):

As mentioned, CPI(ML) Janashakti has gone through a long period of internal confusion, factionalism and splits. And one of the top leaders and spokesman for one important faction apparently turned out to be in cahoots with the police.

According to The Hindu [11/04/2004], in October/November 2004 one of the Janashakti groups, the "South Regional Provincial Committee" in Andhra Pradesh, merged into the CPI(M-L) Chandra Pulla Reddy group. One of the central committee members of this combined group is identified as "Radhakka". Apparently this combined group is now known as the CPI(M-L) Janashakti (Chandra Pulla Reddy Group). At least this is how it is identified in another article in The Hindu on Oct. 27, 2004. Sometimes, however, the "Janashakti" part of the name seems to be omitted.

The official spokesman for this group is identified by The Hindu as M. V. Prasad, and one of the Andhra Pradesh state party leaders for the group is N. V. Khrishnaiah. On Oct. 26, 2004 M. V. Prasad told The Hindu that the peace talks between this group and the state government would likely not be successful, since the revolutionaries refused to give up their arms, and the government insisted that they do so.

One of the strongest Janashakti groups is that led by K. Rajanna, which is centered in Andhra Pradesh but operates in other states as well. Under his leadership this faction of Janashakti has announced that it is switching from the strategic defensive to the tactical offensive in the the armed struggle. An article in the national Indian newspaper, The Hindu (Feb. 8, 2003) reports a portion of an interview with Rajanna as follows (excerpts):

After the original CPI(ML) split, with Satyanarayan Singh breaking with Charu Mazumdar and forming a competing central committee, the pro-Mazumdar party split again between pro- and anti-Lin Biao factions. The current CPI(ML) Liberation evolved out of that anti-Lin Biao faction. That, of course is to its credit, but its eventual evolution towards economism and the electoral strategy for "revolution" is another matter.

Vinod Mishra was elected general secretary of the party in 1975, and starting around 1977 he began pushing a reform movement. Some of the early steps sound pretty good, such as his 1979 declaration that mass organizations should be created on every front. (Mazumdar and his followers had viewed this as economism.)

But gradually Mishra pushed things to greater and greater extremes. In 1982 he got the Party to form what was called the "Indian People's Front" and began contesting elections. At first this was just a small part of the work of the Liberation group, but it gradually became more and more central. Instead of a perspective of building the mass struggle toward an armed overthrow of the ruling class (and sometimes using elections to help do this), the strategic perspective shifted to social change through the ballot box. (But the Party only won 1/3 of 1% of the national vote in the 2004 parliamentary election.)

There were plenty of other signs of creeping revisionism in the group. It maintained a cozy relationship with the CP of China during the Deng years, for example.

Vinod Mishra died in 1998, but the current general secretary (Dipankar Bhattacharya) and the other leadership continue on the revisionist course.

The Party is strongest in Assam, Bihar and Jharkhand, though it has units in many other states.

CPI(ML) Liberation's mass organizations include:

• All India Central Council of Trade Unions (AICCTU)
• All India Peasants' Coordination Committee
• All India Agricultural Labour Association (AIALA)
• All India Students Association (AISA)
• Revolutionary Youth Association (RYA)
• All India Progressive Women's Association (AIPWA)

Publications: Liberation, ML Update
Web site: http://www.cpiml.org

Excerpt from a recent Hindustan Times article (May 9, 2002):

The early Maoist movement in India was prone to much disunity and many splits, both before and after the formation of the original CPI(ML). When the prime leader of the CPI(ML), Charu Mazumdar, was killed by the Calcutta police in 1972 the leaders who replaced him were Sharma and Mahadev Mukherjee. But by that time only a small part of the original CPI(ML) organization remained under their authority. They continued the dogmatic approach that led to so many splits, and the central authority of the CPI(ML) further collapsed.

At that point Mukherjee and Sharma themselves had a falling out, and the Mukherjee faction expelled Sharma. After that, the remaining CPI(ML) group that Mukherjee was associated with itself split over the question of Lin Biao [Lin Piao, old style]. In this split (in 1972 I think), Mukherjee led the pro-Lin Biao faction, which I believe became the CPI(ML) Second Central Committee. However, after a while his own faction expelled him! At this point Mukherjee formed a small new group which he continues to call the CPI(ML), but which I refer to as the CPI(ML) [Mahadev Mukherjee] faction to avoid confusion.

This is a small, very idiosyncratic group. It's web site still includes a picture of Lin Biao [Lin Piao, old style] and one of his speeches! It claims to be the only "real" CPI(ML).

Web site: http://www.cpiml.s4u.org

Formed on April 22, 1997, by a merger of the Kerala Communist Party and the Maharashtra Communist Party. The KCP and MCP were themselves formed from state units of the CPI(ML) Central Reorganization Committee after it was disbanded by the liquidationist leader K. Venu.

In April 1999 this group merged into the CPI(ML) Naxalbari.

In April 1999 the CPI(ML) Maoist Unity Centre merged into CPI(ML) Naxalbari. And following the All India Conference of the CPI(ML) Red Flag in 2000, a group under the leadership of someone named "Rauf" split off from Red Flag and then merged with CPI(ML) Naxalbari. Rauf is now the Secretary of CPI(ML) Naxalbari.

Rauf had been the leader of the small CPI(ML) Red Flag unit in Andhra Pradesh. A large part of the leadership of that unit was killed by police in raids during the 1980s, and the unit never recovered. This is probably a large part of the reason that Rauf and his new group favor immediate armed struggle.

CPI(ML) Naxalbari is affiliated with CCOMPOSA and RIM.

Excerpt from the RW (#1200, May 25, 2003):

In an undated statement prepared for a small international gathering of M-L parties, and posted on the web (at http://www.icmlpo.de/us/6con/country/indiennd.htm ), the CPI (ML) New Democracy group says in a statement (excerpts):

Despite the statements above, the New Democracy Group seems to be leaning more towards supporting guerrilla warfare recently. Whereas it was once a staunch opponent of the PWG, now it has joined hands with them to form the joint mass organization, Forum Against Imperialist Globalisation (FAIG).

Formation and history unknown to me. Merged with CPI(ML) Janashakti COC faction in 2000 to form the CPI(ML) Unity Initiative, which in turn merged with the CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] in June 2003.

Merged with CPI(ML) People's War on August 11, 1998.

Excerpt from a recent Hindustan Times article (May 9, 2002):

The CPI (ML) People's War group was formed in 1980, and merged with the MCC(I) group on Sept. 21, 2004 to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist). While it existed, the People's War Group was the largest revolutionary organization in India actively engaged in armed struggle. It was centered in Andhra Pradesh state, but also had smaller operations in many other states. It was a member of CCOMPOSA [the Coordinating Committee of Maoist Parties and Organizations of South Asia].

The PWG went through a long history of ups and downs, and was clearly on the upswing again in the several years before its merger with MCC(I).

Excerpt about the CPI (ML) PW from the RW (#1200, May 25, 2003):

Excerpts from a recent Hindustan Times article (May 9, 2002):

Also known as the CPI(ML) Retribution or the CPI(ML) [Phani Bagchi]. This group is a split-off from CPI(ML) Praja Pratighatana and is apparently also engaged in some form of armed struggle. It has a publication named Pratighatana.

CPI(ML) Red Flag was apparently formed from a group that split off from the CPI(ML) Central Reorganization Committee in 1987. Its origin and main area of influence is in Kerala state.

In 1994 the CPI (ML) Red Flag group said it advocates rebuilding the CPI (ML) "in a true Bolshevik style and based on Mao's mass line." ["Expose the Politics of Deception", Red Flag, Aug. 1994]. This reaffirmed the basic line choice made earlier in the CPI(ML) CRC between the "military line" and the "mass line".

In 1997 the Party adopted a new constitution, programme, and international line. (See their web site listed below.) Their basic revolutionary strategy, however, remained the same.

After the All-India Party conference in 2000, a group led by Rauf from Andhra Pradesh split off from Red Flag and then merged into the CPI(ML) Naxalbari.

During the All-India conferences of the Party in 1997 and 2000, many additional issues were settled, and the central tasks were clearly stated: Establish the political line of the party among the communist revolutionaries of India; work to acquire political leadership of the people's movement against globalization and imperialism; build up a true Bolshevik style party; and build up a united front.

This, however led to some new issues coming to the fore in the Party. As a Party supporter explained to me at the time:

These questions facing the Red Flag group were apparently resolved by shifting a bit to the right. As of January 2005 they have agreed to merge with the CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group], forming a new party using the old name CPI(ML).

The All India Secretary of the CPI(ML) Red Flag is K. N. Ramachandran. Web site: http://www.cpimlredflag.org

This group was formed in June 2003 by a merger of the Communist Organization of India (M-L) and the CPI(ML) Unity Initiative.

Officially this group called itself simply the CPI(ML), but I am appending an unofficial "[Sanyal Group]" tag to differentiate it from other groups using that name. Kanu Sanyal was the leader of the COI-ML, and was one of the leaders of the original Naxalbari revolt in 1967. Despite that, the COI-ML was more toward the middle part of the spectrum of Maoist organizations in India. This merged group was similarly in the middle part of the spectrum.

The CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] has its main strength in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand and West Bengal. Among the mass organizations it works with in Andhra Pradesh state are the Andhra Pradesh Federation of Trade Unions, Raitu Coolie Sangham [State Farmers Union], Progressive Democratic Students Organization, Nava Yuva Samithi [New Youth Association], Sthree Vimukti Sanghatana [Women's Liberation Organization]. In northern West Bengal, it works with the important mass organization, the All West Bengal Tea Garden Labourers Union.

The CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] has also participated in some elections in Andhra Pradesh recently.

In January 2005 this group is scheduled to merge with the CPI(ML) Red Flag organization to form a new party under the old name CPI(ML).

I believe this is the group that then expelled Mukherjee, who proceeded to form his own faction. For more of the gory details, see CPI(ML) [Mahdev Mukherjee] faction.

This group was sometimes referred to as "CPI(ML) SNS" after Singh's initials. S. N. Singh, Gurubux Singh, and Rajkishor led a splitoff in Bihar from the original CPI(ML) in Sept. 1970. They opposed Charu Mazumdar's sectarianism and policy of individual annihilations (assassinations of individual class enemies).

In 1971 Asim Chatterjee and other CPI(ML) members in West Bengal broke with the Mazumdar central committee and joined the S. N. Singh group, though Chatterjee soon left. In 1975 the Chandra Pulla Reddy group in Andhra Pradesh merged with the SNS group, with Singh the top leader.

In 1977 the SNS Group merged with the CPI(ML) Unity Committee to form the CPI(ML) Provisional Central Committee, with Singh still the top leader.

In the summer of 2003 this group merged with the COI-ML to form a new group attempting to reclaim the CPI(ML) name. (See: CPI(ML)[Sanyal Group].)

According to "The Hindu" (Sept. 21, 2004) it was led by the late communist revolutionary, K. P. R. Gopalan. It merged into the CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] in November 2003.

A splitoff from CPI(ML) Janashakti in 1997, during a period in which Janshakti was having much internal turmoil. The CPUSI faction wanted to put more emphasis on caste issues rather than class issues.

The CPUSI is an illegal (underground) party based in Andhra Pradesh, which is engaged in some form of armed struggle involving armed "dalam" squads.

• The Punjab section of CPI(ML) Central Team
• Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India
• Communist Unity Centre of India
• Marxist-Leninist Organising Centre

The CPRCI(ML) advocates the "mass revolutionary line".

[More info to be added.]

The CRLI is a small party in West Bengal, and is led by Asim Chatterjee, a former student leader of the original CPI(ML). Chatterjee broke with Charu Majumdar [or Mazumdar] in 1971 after the failure of the armed struggle in the Debra-Gopiballavbur area in West Bengal, and due to the opposition of the CPI(ML) leadership to the independence struggle of Bangladesh from Pakistan. (The CP of China, which took the side of Pakistan during that war urged its followers in India to oppose independence for Bangladesh. But such a stance was close to political suicide in India at the time.) Chatterjee initially created the Bengal-Bihar-Orissa Border Regional Committee of the CPI(ML), and then later merged it into the CPI(ML) [Satayanarayan Singh group]. Later he formed the CRLI.

Merged with three other groups in August 1994 to form the Communist Party Reorganization Centre of India (M-L). [No other information available.]

'Kanglei' is a local name for the area officially known as the state of Manipur, in northeast India. The Kangleipak Communist Party is a small group which split off from the People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) on April 14, 1980. It's leader is someone named Ibohanbi.

According to the "South Asian Terrorism Portal", a bourgeois web site:

MCPI is a splinter group from the huge revisionist CPI (Marxist) party. As such, its Maoist credentials are weak, but it has been exploring a possible merger with the centrist (or middle-right) Maoist groups who will be forming the new CPI(ML) in January 2005.

MCPI is active in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, West Bengal, Rajasthan, and elsewhere. Its principal mass organizations are the All India Centre for Trade Unions (AICTU), the All India Federation of Democratic Youth (AIFDY), and the All India Federation of Democratic Women (AIFDW). MCPI seems to have put a lot of emphasis into waging electoral campaigns.

MCPI has a publication called People's Democracy.

Seems to be a small group limited to a few districts (including Guntur) in Andhra Pradesh state, taking a centrist or middle-right stance in the Indian Maoist spectrum. Participated in a round of unity talks with CPI(ML) Red Flag and CPI(ML) [Sanyal Group] in 2004, but the outcome is unclear to me so far.

Merged with three other groups in August 1994 to form the Communist Party Reorganization Centre of India (M-L).

Formed from a merger of the Maoist Communist Centre and the Revolutionary Communist Centre, India (Maoist) which was announced in a communiqué on January 15, 2003 [see RW, #1200, May 25, 2003]. MCC(I) was a member of the Coordinating Committee of Maoist Parties and Organizations of South Asia [CCOMPOSA], and was affiliated with RIM. On Sept. 21, 2004, MCC(I) merged with CPI(ML) People's War to form the CPI (Maoist).

In 2003 the MCC(I) formed the People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, which has now been merged with the People's Guerrilla Army of the People's War group, under the PLGA name.

Excerpts about MCC before it merged with RCCI from the RW (#1200, May 25, 2003):

Excerpt about the pre-merger MCC from a Hindustan Times article (May 9, 2002):

On September 21, 2004 the MCC(I) merged with the CPI (ML) People's War group to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist). The CPI(Maoist) is now by far the most important organization engaged in guerrilla warfare in India.

Web site: http://www.nscnonline.org

This is apparently the armed force of the Revolutionary People's Front, an alliance of several revolutionary nationalist organizations. See RPF Manipur and its web page at: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/4568

At present Achamba is the top leader of PREPAK. According to a bourgeois web site, the "South Asian Terrorism Portal", it has about 200 fighters, and has been trained by NSCN(IM). The Manipur People's Liberation Front (MPLF) is composed of PREPAK, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF) and the People's Liberation Army (PLA).

In 1980 a small group split off to form the Kangleipak Communist Party.

When the AICCCR decided to create the original CPI(ML) in 1969 several state units of the ACICCCR refused to go along. One of these was the PCCCR which existed as an independent, centrist organization until it merged with the UCCRI(ML) in 1976.

Centered in Punjab. Merged with MCC(I) in January 2003. See the MCC(I) entry for more information.

This is one of the 5 groups which merged together in 1988 to form the Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India, which itself later merged with 3 other groups to form the CPRCI(ML) in August 1994.

Manipur is a state in northeast India between Assam and Myanmar [Burma]. The RPFM is a left nationalist organization possibly influenced by Maoist ideas but which is not part of the communist tradition. It was formed in 1979. The People's Liberation Army is its armed force.

Web site: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/4568

Web site: http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Congress/7434

May have sprung from an earlier group, the Andhra Pradesh Revolutionary Communist Committee, which was formed circa 1969 and led by T. Nagi Reddy. (This group was not allowed to participate in the AICCCR because of its disagreement on the issue of loyalty to the Communist Party of China, and because of its opposition to immediate armed struggle and to the boycott of all elections.)

The UCCRI(ML) itself was formed in 1975. It was originally based in Andhra Pradesh, and led by T. Nagi Reddy (until his death in 1976) and D. V. Rao. It advocates the "mass revolutionary line".

The Punjab Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries merged with UCCRI in 1976.

When the UCCRI(ML) under D. V. Rao accepted the "Three Worlds" theory and supported the Deng regime in China, one section of the organization under the leadership of Harbhajan Sohi split off in 1979. Another section of the group, led by Anand, split off for much the same reasons later on (1988). (Those two factions, together with 3 other groups, went on to form the Centre of Communist Revolutionaries of India in 1988, and the CCRI itself was one of the groups that merged to form the CPRCI(ML) in August 1994.)